Harnessing the power of cruciferous vegetables: Developing a biomarker for brassica vegetable consumption using urinary 3,3′-Diindolylmethane 

This 2016 clinical trial examines the hypotheses that a range of glucobrassicin exposure from Brassica vegetables is reflected in urinary DIM and that this effect plateaus. Forty-five subjects consumed vegetables, a mixture of brussels sprouts and/or cabbage, at one of seven discrete dose levels of glucobrassicin ranging from 25 to 500 μmol, once daily for 2 consecutive days. The association between glucobrassicin dose and urinary DIM was strong and positive (R2 = 0.68). 

References:

Fujioka N, Ransom BW, Carmella SG, Upadhyaya P, Lindgren BR, Roper-Batker A, Hatsukami DK, Fritz VA, Rohwer C, Hecht SS. Harnessing the Power of Cruciferous Vegetables: Developing a Biomarker for Brassica Vegetable Consumption Using Urinary 3,3′-Diindolylmethane. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2016 Oct;9(10):788-793. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0136. Epub 2016 Aug 18. PMID: 27538743; PMCID: PMC5220883.